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Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)
The Battle of San Juan de Ulúa was a battle between English privateers and Spanish forces at San Juan de Ulúa (in modern Veracruz). It marked the end of the campaign carried out by an English flotilla of six ships that had systematically conducted illegal trade in the Caribbean Sea, including the slave trade, imposing it even by force.〔Saiz Cidoncha, page 55〕〔
==Context==
The English fleet consisted of 5 ships: the Royal carracks ''Jesus of Lübeck'' (leased from Queen Elizabeth I) under John Hawkins, the ''Minion'' under John Hampton, and the barques ''Judith'' under Hawkins' cousin Francis Drake, ''Angel'' and ''Swallow''.〔John Barrow: (''The life, voyages, and exploits of Admiral Sir Francis Drake''. )〕 A captured Portuguese caravel joined the privateers near the coast of Ghana, where the English competed with Portuguese slave traders. The ship was renamed ''Grace of God''.〔Lewis, Charles Lee: ''Famous old-world sea fighters.'' Ayer Publishing, 1969, page 93. ISBN 0-8369-1419-8〕 A seventh ship, the barque ''William and John'', sailed back home before the battle,〔Kelsey, Harry: ''Sir John Hawkins: Queen Elizabeth's slave trader.''Yale University Press, 2003, page 104.ISBN 0300096631〕 but after reaching Ireland on February 1569, she was lost with all hands on her way back to England.〔 Following a full year of plundering and illegal trading, Hawkins decided to anchor his ships in the port of San Juan de Ulúa on 15 September for repairs and resupply before the return voyage to England. But while they were carrying out this reprovisioning, a Spanish escort fleet under command of Don Francisco Luján also arrived in the port.〔Marley, page 64〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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